Epidemiological and clinical comparisons of paediatric and adult sporotrichosis in Jilin Province,China

Sporotrichosis is endemic in Jilin Province of Northeast China. While paediatric cases make a substantial contribution to the epidemiological profile of sporotrichosis, the differences in the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of sporotrichosis between paediatric and adult patients remain unclear. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 2968 cases of sporotrichosis (2113 adult patients aged ≥ 15 years and 855 paediatric patients aged < 15 years) over a nine-year period (01/01/2010-31/12/2018-). All the patients were diagnosed with sporotrichosis based on fungal culture of material from a skin lesion. In paediatric patients, the male:female ratio was 1.3:1, the incidence of sporotrichosis in the cold seasons was high (79.0%), most lesions occurred in the facial region (92.2%), and there was a preponderance of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis (86.8%). In adult patients, the male:female ratio was 1:2.4, the incidence of sporotrichosis in the cold seasons was 66.0%, most lesions affected the extremities (48.6%) and the face (44.9%), and fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis was common (69.3%). The results indicate there were significant differences in the distribution of paediatric and adult sporotrichosis patients by sex, season with the highest occurrence of sporotrichosis, lesion sites and clinical types. Our results suggest that the epidemiology and clinical manifestations between paediatric and adult patients were different, and the route of infection of sporotrichosis in children may differ from that of adults in Jilin Province.     

胸腰椎椎板切除减压术后中枢神经系统感染及其危险因素

目的:分析胸腰椎椎板切除减压术后中枢神经系统感染及其危险因素。方法:2015年6月~2018年9月于我院接受后路椎板切除减压手术的患者共2632例,其中8例出现术后中枢神经系统感染,男5例,女3例,年龄为55.8±9.3岁(41~69岁)。8例均出现高热,7例出现头痛,4例出现不同程度意识障碍,7例出现颈抵抗。除1例患者血白细胞计数正常,其余患者的血白细胞计数、C反应蛋白及血沉均升高。8例脑脊液检查均表现为白细胞显著增加、葡萄糖降低、蛋白升高,1例患者脑脊液及血液细菌培养为金黄色葡萄球菌阳性,其余患者细菌培养均为阴性。8例患者头部CT均无异常。1例患者胸椎MRI提示切口深部感染,1例腰椎MRI提示硬膜内脑脊液异常T2WI信号改变。记录8例患者的治疗及随访结果。根据是否发生术后中枢神经系统感染将患者分为两组,使用卡方检验分析两组患者的术前诊断、手术时间、术中出血量、手术节段、留置引流管时间、是否发生硬膜撕裂及手术部位感染等因素是否存在统计学差异。结果:1例切口深部感染患者行清创手术,8例患者均接受18.50±3.07d(14~24d)抗生素治疗后症状及体征完全消失,血常规、C反应蛋白及血沉正常。随访20.50±8.19个月(12~36个月),所有患者至末次随访时均无发热、头痛、颈抵抗或意识障碍,血常规、C反应蛋白及血沉均正常。卡方检验显示手术节段≥3及硬膜撕裂在两组患者间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其余因素两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:术后中枢神经系统感染是胸腰椎椎板切除减压手术后罕见的并发症。当胸腰椎椎板切除减压手术后患者出现发热、头痛、颈抵抗和意识障碍时应尽快实施腰穿脑脊液检查,早期诊断和及时应用抗生素治疗可获得良好的结果。手术节段≥3及硬膜撕裂与发生术后中枢神经系统感染密切相关。     

Molecular biology: a guide for orthopaedic surgeons

Fracture non-union, prosthetic joint infection and fracture-related infections are complications frequently encountered by the trauma and orthopaedic surgeon. Moreover, they pose a significant socioeconomic and healthcare burden to the society. A clear understanding of the molecular biology surrounding fracture healing, as well as the pathophysiology of orthopaedic-related infections, is of paramount importance to their successful management. The first section of this article aims to explain the basic science critical to the understanding of DNA, RNA, gene and protein expression, and the molecular techniques most commonly deployed in the diagnostic and research fields of trauma and orthopaedics. The second section provides a general overview of the molecular physiology of fracture healing and biofilm, the molecular characteristics and genetic predisposition of fracture non-union, followed by discussing recent advances in molecular techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of fracture non-union, prosthetic joint infection and fracture-related infections.     

Acute effects of brain-responsive neurostimulation in drug-resistant partial onset epilepsy

ObjectiveUnderstanding the acute effects of responsive stimulation (AERS) based on intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings in ambulatory patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, and correlating these with changes in clinical seizure frequency, may help clinicians more efficiently optimize responsive stimulation settings.MethodsIn patients implanted with the NeuroPace® RNS® System, acute changes in iEEG spectral power following active and sham stimulation periods were quantified and compared within individual iEEG channels. Additionally, acute stimulation-induced acute iEEG changes were compared within iEEG channels before and after patients experienced substantial reductions in clinical seizure frequency.ResultsResponsive stimulation resulted in a 20.7% relative decrease in spectral power in the 2–4 second window following active stimulation, compared to sham stimulation. On several detection channels, the AERS features changed when clinical outcomes improved but were relatively stable otherwise. AERS change direction associated with clinical improvement was generally consistent within detection channels.ConclusionsIn this retrospective analysis, patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy treated with direct brain-responsive neurostimulation showed an acute stimulation related reduction in iEEG spectral power that was associated with reductions in clinical seizure frequency.SignificanceIdentifying favorable stimulation related changes in iEEG activity could help physicians to more rapidly optimize stimulation settings for each patient.     

颅内动脉瘤心动周期内膨胀率与其破裂的相关性研究

目的 基于四维计算机X线断层扫描(Computed tomography,CT)血管成像(Dynamic four-dimensional CTA,4D-CTA)测量,计算颅内动脉瘤心动周期内膨胀率,探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂与膨胀率的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2018年5月-2020年5月就诊于哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院微创神经外科一病区64例(其中未破裂动脉瘤24个,破裂动脉瘤40个)患者的完整资料; 所有患者均行4D-CTA扫描并重建图像; 依据动脉瘤破裂与否,患者分为未破裂组、破裂组; 将1个心动周期的图像数据分成20个阶段,判断动脉瘤是否存在异常搏动点; 同时记录和量化每个阶段动脉瘤的形态特征,计算其体积变化率(膨胀率); 分析动脉瘤破裂相关的危险因素。结果 未破裂组中男女患者比例差异不大; 破裂组女性患者则占70%,女性患者比例显著高于男性; 破裂组吸烟史的比例明显高于未破裂组; 破裂组瘤高(4.63±1.56)mm,瘤宽(4.72±3.68)mm,瘤颈宽(3.86±1.69)mm均大于未破裂组; 破裂组异常搏动点有29个(占72.5%)、膨胀率(14.56±6.25)%; 未破裂组异常搏动点13个(占54.2%)、膨胀率(10.21±3.26)%; 2组有明显差异(P<0.05)。此外,多因素Logistic回归分析显示动脉瘤破裂与吸烟史、纵横比、异常搏动点、膨胀率有关(P<0.05)。ROC分析中纵横比临界值为1.145(P=0.002),灵敏度为77.5%,特异性为58.3%; 存在异常搏动点与否的阈值为0.5(P=0.032),灵敏度为72.5%、特异性为45.8%; 膨胀率的临界值为9.775%(P=0.001),灵敏度为85.0%、特异性为54.2%。结论 借助4D-CTA能观察心动周期内颅内动脉瘤动态变化; 本研究成功量化了动脉瘤膨胀率,颅内动脉瘤破裂与膨胀率有关; 当膨胀率>9.775%,或纵横比>1.145,或存在异常搏动点时动脉瘤破裂风险将进一步增加。     

基于数据挖掘和“味性化味”理论的藏医治疗疫病用药规律及肺疫方剂药性研究＊

目的 研究藏医治疗疫病的用药规律及肺疫方剂药性。方法 收集和整理藏医古籍文献中治疗疫病的方剂，运用IBM SPSS软件进行藏药频数、聚类和因子分析，运用SPSS Modeler和TBtools软件分别进行关联规则分析和肺疫病方剂的药性聚类分析。结果 共纳入160首方剂，涉及219味藏药材，统计频次≥16的高频藏药材34种，多以清热、解毒祛瘟和消疫药材为主。关联规则分析得到28项药物组，体现出藏医消疫祛邪、调隆祛寒的用药特点。聚类分析得到8个药物组合，反应了泻疫解毒和除瘟镇痛的藏医治法特点。因子分析提出6个公因子，反应了驱虫止疠的藏医治法，并表明藏药五味麝香丸在治疗疫病方剂配伍中占有举足轻重的地位。治疗肺疫经典方剂的藏药材主要以草本类药材为主。方剂药性聚类结果显示凉、钝、稀等治疗赤巴的药性值最高，符合藏医消疫、清热和调“隆”的治疗原则。结论 藏医治疗肺疫病主要采取消疫清热为主、调“隆”补益为辅的治疗原则。